The Department of Neurosurgery at Shanghai Children's Medical Center is one of the earliest children's specialty hospitals in China to independently establish pediatric neurosurgery, enjoying a high reputation domestically. It currently has 42 designated beds, performs over 1,200 surgeries annually, and employs 8 specialized physicians. The department has established long-term collaborations with internationally renowned children's hospitals, such as Boston Children's Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, Children's National Medical Center in Washington, UCLA Medical Center, and Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, integrating advanced international diagnostic and treatment techniques and concepts. It is dedicated to the surgical treatment of nervous system diseases in children aged 0-18 years. The department head, Professor Bao Nan, is a leading figure in pediatric neurosurgery in China, having served as the Vice Chairman of the Pediatric Neurosurgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association for the first and second terms. He is a master's supervisor and has profound expertise in basic research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of congenital malformations such as neural tube defects, hydrocephalus, and craniosynostosis, achieving advanced domestic levels, with some projects leading the nation. Congenital Nervous System Malformations: The treatment scope covers all pediatric neurosurgical congenital malformations, with over 200 cases of neural tube defects and over 200 cases of hydrocephalus treated annually. The department has unique insights into the treatment of neural tube defects and hydrocephalus, equipped with advanced ultrasonic emulsification aspirators and surgical microscopes, as well as intraoperative neuroelectrophysiological monitoring systems. This allows for maximal protection of neurological function while surgically releasing spinal cord tethering. In addition to routine minimally invasive endoscopic treatment for obstructive hydrocephalus and arachnoid cysts using ventriculoscopy, the department also proficiently applies ventriculoscopy-assisted techniques for tumor biopsy and resection, both inside and outside the endoscope. Craniofacial Malformations: Facilitated by Professor Sayer, former Chairman of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the department collaborates with Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital to establish an early pediatric craniofacial malformation correction center in China. It focuses on surgical treatment of various craniosynostoses, such as early minimally invasive suturectomy with internal distraction, and later extensive cranioplasty. The department has unique experience and research in selecting surgical plans and timing for syndromic craniosynostoses like Apert and Crouzon syndromes. It performs nearly 100 craniosynostosis surgeries annually, leading the nation in terms of surgical age, volume, and difficulty. Central Nervous System Tumors: The department performs high-difficulty surgeries for intracranial and spinal cord tumors via various approaches, achieving a total tumor resection rate of 98%. It has established a dedicated multidisciplinary team (MDT) for brain and spinal cord tumors, collaborating with oncology, radiation oncology, radiology, and pathology departments to comprehensively evaluate and provide personalized treatment plans for various pediatric brain and spinal cord tumors. Regular case discussions with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital are conducted to select treatment plans, further improving the success rate of pediatric brain tumor surgeries, patient survival rates, and quality of life. Craniocerebral Trauma: Personalized treatment is provided based on pediatric characteristics, with invasive intracranial pressure monitors and a dedicated pediatric intensive care unit. A linkage mechanism with the resuscitation room, ICU, and operating room enables rapid and effective surgery and resuscitation for severe trauma patients, saving the lives of many children with accidental injuries. Functional Neurosurgery: As one of the earliest children's specialty hospitals in China to perform epilepsy surgery, the department collaborates with the neurology department to establish an epilepsy center, equipped with video EEG and intraoperative localization systems. In collaboration with the child health care and radiology departments, objective assessments are conducted for epilepsy patients suitable for surgery, selecting appropriate surgical and treatment plans, enabling various epilepsy surgeries. In collaboration with the traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation department, selective dorsal rhizotomy is performed for children with cerebral palsy to improve motor function and quality of life. Cerebrovascular Surgery: The department performs angiography and interventional treatment for cerebrovascular diseases, enabling surgical treatment for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), moyamoya disease, and pediatric aneurysms. In particular, indirect arterial anastomosis for pediatric moyamoya disease has achieved favorable outcomes.