The Department of Rheumatology and Immunology at Shanghai Children's Medical Center is primarily engaged in clinical care, teaching, and research for rheumatic and immunological diseases in children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years. It encompasses three major subspecialties: rheumatology and immunology, immunodeficiency, and allergy and immunology, making it one of the most comprehensive teams in terms of subspecialty diversity within the field of rheumatology and immunology in China. Among these, the rheumatology and immunology subspecialty was one of the earliest in China to implement specialized diagnosis and treatment for pediatric rheumatic diseases; the immunodeficiency subspecialty was also among the first in China to conduct immunophenotyping and genetic diagnosis for primary immunodeficiency diseases, and in 2006, it led the successful cure of the first pediatric patient with primary immunodeficiency disease in China using hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, pioneering clinical treatment in this field; the allergy and immunology subspecialty was established in 2003 through a collaborative project with the Department of Pediatrics at Virginia Commonwealth University in the United States. The diagnostic and treatment spectrum for rheumatology and immunology includes all pediatric rheumatic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Henoch-Schönlein purpura/purpura nephritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile dermatomyositis/polymyositis, Sjögren's syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, panniculitis, Takayasu arteritis, Behçet's disease, and rare diseases such as monogenic autoinflammatory diseases, as well as complex and critical conditions associated with pediatric rheumatic diseases, including interstitial lung disease, macrophage activation syndrome, and central nervous system lupus; all pediatric primary immunodeficiency diseases, such as combined immunodeficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome, chronic granulomatous disease, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, hyper-IgE syndrome, congenital neutropenia, and PI3K overactivation syndrome, among other rare and difficult-to-treat diseases; the diagnostic and treatment spectrum for allergy and immunology includes all pediatric allergic diseases, such as cow's milk protein allergy, multiple food allergies, drug allergies, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and urticaria, with extensive clinical experience in food challenge tests and specific immunotherapy. In terms of treatment features, in addition to the use of conventional medications, the department has developed its own distinctive approach to biologic targeted therapy for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, Takayasu arteritis, and their critical conditions. Furthermore, the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology collaborates with other departments within the hospital, such as the Intensive Care Unit, Imaging Department, Infectious Disease Department, Gastroenterology Department, Neurology and Neurosurgery Departments, Cardiovascular Department, Surgery Department, Hematology Department, Orthopedics Department, and Molecular Genetics Platform, to conduct multidisciplinary collaborations, providing a foundation for precise diagnosis and individualized treatment strategies. This has enabled the department to develop its own unique characteristics and strengths in diagnosing and treating complex and critical rheumatic diseases, achieving favorable outcomes and earning widespread praise from patients and peers alike. The Department of Rheumatology and Immunology at Shanghai Children's Medical Center has maintained close exchanges and collaborative relationships with pediatric rheumatology departments in developed countries in Europe and America, such as the renowned Cincinnati Children's Hospital in the United States. The allergy and immunology subspecialty was established in 2003 through a collaborative project with the Department of Pediatrics at Virginia Commonwealth University. As a result, the department is able to stay abreast of the latest international developments in the field and promptly apply the most advanced diagnostic and therapeutic techniques to clinical practice, benefiting pediatric patients.