The Department of Neonatology at Shanghai Children's Medical Center was established in 2000, based in the Pudong New Area. With continuous team improvement and expanding influence, it has become one of the major neonatal disease diagnosis and treatment centers in Shanghai. Since 2008, it has been designated as one of the "Shanghai Critical Neonatal Rescue Centers," responsible for the transport and treatment of critically ill newborns within the region, Shanghai, and surrounding provinces and cities. In August 2020, the department moved into the new Medical Education and Research Building, expanding to three wards, including the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), general neonatal ward, and family-centered ward, with 116 approved beds. From delivery room resuscitation, pre-hospital transport, critical care, to family nursing guidance before discharge with parental involvement, the department provides integrated diagnosis and treatment for high-risk newborns, including preterm infants. Additionally, the team emphasizes follow-up for high-risk newborns, operating a high-risk infant follow-up clinic and a high-risk neonatal immunization clinic, offering continuous post-discharge follow-up services for preterm and critically ill newborns. The department boasts a clinically experienced medical and nursing team, currently comprising 22 specialist physicians and 66 nurses. Among the specialist physicians, there are 3 chief physicians, 1 associate chief physician, 7 doctors with PhDs, and 14 with master's degrees, with 2 master's supervisors. In recent years, the team has undertaken multiple National Natural Science Foundation projects and various provincial and ministerial research projects, covering areas such as neonatal nutrition, the impact of the preterm infant rearing environment, and mechanisms of cardiac and pulmonary histological development. Research achievements have received the Shanghai Medical Science and Technology Award and the Second Prize of the Shanghai Science and Technology Progress Award. As one of the first national-level perinatal and neonatal specialist training bases, the department has trained over a hundred specialist medical and nursing professionals from across the country over the years. The department is equipped with dozens of neonatal incubators and open radiant resuscitation beds, each bed configured with a full set of monitoring equipment, enabling bedside X-rays, ultrasound, amplitude-integrated electroencephalography, and cardiac function assessments as non-invasive examinations. NICU beds are all equipped with non-invasive or conventional/high-frequency neonatal ventilators, ensuring the successful rescue of critically ill newborns. Approximately 2,400 critically ill newborns are admitted annually, covering conditions such as severe and complex neonatal diseases, preterm infants, and congenital diseases and malformations. The department offers a full range of neonatal respiratory support, enteral and parenteral nutrition support, ECMO, CRRT, therapeutic hypothermia, invasive arterial monitoring, and peritoneal dialysis, with a rescue success rate exceeding 98%. The smallest successfully treated preterm infant had a gestational age of 23 weeks and a minimum birth weight of 545 grams. Leveraging the hospital's advantageous disciplines, the department provides perioperative monitoring and treatment for newborns with various congenital malformations, particularly excelling in multidisciplinary collaborative treatment for critical and complex neonatal congenital heart disease. It also utilizes the Translational Medicine Research Institute for genetic diagnosis of complex neonatal cases. Routine procedures include deep venous catheterization, PICC placement, umbilical venous catheterization, simultaneous peripheral arteriovenous exchange transfusion, developmental care, neonatal touch, and oral feeding training, achieving a comprehensive capability at the advanced domestic level.