The Department of Nephrology at Nanfang Hospital was established in 1989. Under the leadership and development of two generations of academic leaders, Professor Zhang Xun and Professor Hou Fanfan, the department has grown rapidly. It became a master's degree authorization point in 1990, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Kidney Disease Center and a key specialty of Guangdong Province's "Five-One Project" in 1995, a doctoral degree authorization point and a National Clinical Pharmacology Base department in 1996, was approved as the PLA Institute of Nephrology and a major discipline of the Clinical Medicine Postdoctoral Mobile Station in 2000, and became the PLA Key Laboratory of Renal Failure and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology in 2001. In 2013, it became the State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Prevention and Treatment and the National Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease. The department consists of three parts: specialized wards, a blood purification center, and a nephrology laboratory. The specialized wards have 100 beds; the blood purification center is equipped with over 60 devices, including hemodialysis machines, plasma exchange machines, and continuous renal replacement therapy equipment; the nephrology laboratory comprises seven functional laboratories, including "Renal Pathology," "Renal Immunology," "Molecular Biology," "Cell Biology," and "Biochemistry," capable of conducting basic research from the nucleic acid to protein levels. The laboratory is open to external researchers. Since 2000, it has trained 60 postdoctoral, doctoral, and master's students, as well as 5 international scholars (with training periods exceeding one year). The academic leader, Professor Hou Fanfan, is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Director of the Institute of Nephrology at Southern Medical University, Director of the Department of Nephrology, and a doctoral supervisor. She has led 14 major national and provincial/ministerial key projects, including key projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China. She has received 2 second prizes of the National Science and Technology Progress Award, 4 first prizes at the provincial/ministerial level, among others. She has been honored with the title "Science Venus" by the General Logistics Department and the 7th "Ding Ying Science and Technology Award." In recent years, the department has made significant progress in the pathogenesis and prevention of complications of acute and chronic renal failure, as well as in renal replacement therapy, forming its own distinctive specialty characteristics and developing and promoting a series of new techniques and technologies. I. Abundant Achievements in Clinical Evidence-Based Medicine Research. 1. Provided new strategies for clinical practice to delay the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) using evidence from evidence-based medicine. The number of CKD patients in China entering uremia is increasing at an annual rate of 11%, yet currently, less than 5% of the uremic population has access to dialysis and kidney transplantation. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), are currently the drugs with the most evidence for protecting the kidneys and delaying CKD progression. However, for patients with advanced CKD, many doctors abandon these treatments due to concerns about efficacy and safety, resulting in 80% of advanced CKD patients not receiving effective treatment. Professor Hou Fanfan and her team, through a highly recognized randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evidence-based medicine (RCT) study, confirmed that ACEIs can effectively delay the progression of advanced non-diabetic CKD, reducing the risk of progression to uremia by 43%. Under effective monitoring, the incidence of adverse events in advanced CKD patients taking ACEIs was similar to that of those taking placebos, thus breaking through the traditional treatment contraindication that renin-angiotensin system inhibitors cannot be used in advanced CKD, allowing more patients to have their CKD progression delayed. The results were published in January 2006 in the high-impact international medical journal *N Engl J Med* (IF 44.016). The journal published an editorial stating, "It is time to change our strategy for treating chronic kidney disease." Within 10 months of publication, the findings were promoted and applied in 49 hospitals across 25 provinces and autonomous regions. It was rated by the Ministry of Education as one of the "Top Ten Scientific and Technological Advances in Chinese Higher Education Institutions in 2006." Furthermore, through evidence-based medicine research, she and her team first confirmed that using an "individualized titration" method to gradually increase the dose of ACEIs or ARBs can maximize the reduction of proteinuria in CKD. The "anti-proteinuric dose" of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors was significantly more effective in delaying CKD progression than the conventional doses used in current clinical practice. This study not only provided a new method for renal protection but also provided evidence-based medical evidence that controlling proteinuria should be an important goal in CKD treatment. 2. Confirmed through evidence-based medicine research that early use of erythropoietin to correct renal anemia significantly reduces the incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in CKD patients and reverses existing LVH in nearly 20% of CKD patients, providing evidence-based medical evidence for the prevention and treatment of LVH in CKD. 3. Through clinical analysis of 580 patients, confirmed that PTCA plus stent interventional therapy can significantly reduce the coronary restenosis rate in CKD patients and improve the 5-year survival rate. 4. Organized by the Department of Nephrology at Nanfang Hospital, with collaboration from project participants and assistance from the Chronic Disease Prevention and Control Center of the National Disease Control and Prevention Center, a point-survey method was used to conduct an epidemiological investigation of all CKD patients admitted to 12 tertiary A-level hospitals covering the eastern, western, southern, northern, and central regions of China between December 2002 and December 2003. This established a representative domestic database, revealed the characteristics and risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Chinese CKD patients, and provided a basis for preventing and treating CVD tailored to the characteristics of Chinese CKD patients. II. Proposed New Perspectives on the Pathogenesis and Clinical Prevention/Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure and Dialysis Complications. Chronic renal failure (CRF) and long-term dialysis complications are the main causes of death and disability in CRF patients, with the national annual medical expenditure for this reaching 3.8 billion RMB. Due to the unclear pathogenesis, effective prevention and treatment methods are lacking. After years of dedicated research, the Department of Nephrology at Nanfang Hospital has achieved multiple results, which have yielded good social benefits after nationwide promotion. The 10-year survival rate of CRF patients undergoing hemodialysis at the Blood Purification Center of Nanfang Hospital's Department of Nephrology reaches 35%. 1. Elucidated the mechanism of selective deposition of β2-microglobulin amyloid in bone and joint tissues, proposing the in-situ modification theory, which has gained international recognition; discovered and cloned the AGE receptor on human joint synovial cells and confirmed its mediation of DRA tissue pathology; established a non-invasive diagnostic method for DRA based on Chinese population data and confirmed its value for early diagnosis; first confirmed that hydrazine compounds block the AGE modification of β2M, providing a drug intervention target for the prevention and treatment of DRA. 2. Through research on immune deficiency and infectious complications in uremic patients: revealed the mechanisms of monocyte, lymphocyte, NK cell, and red blood cell immune deficiency in CRF; first confirmed that opsonin-opsonin receptor deficiency is the main cause of monocyte dysfunction in CRF. Provided an early diagnostic method for tuberculosis complicating CRF and established indications for preventive treatment, reducing the incidence of tuberculosis from 4.7% to 0.76%; first investigated the prevalence of *Staphylococcus aureus* carriage in Chinese CRF patients and its relationship with bacteremia in dialysis patients; preventive treatment for chronic carriers reduced the incidence of *S. aureus* bacteremia by 67%; based on semi-quantitative evaluation of liver inflammation and fibrosis, established preoperative screening criteria for kidney transplant recipients with positive hepatitis markers, reducing the incidence of postoperative liver dysfunction from 23% to 3.2%. III. Accumulated Extensive Experience in the Pathogenesis and Clinical Prevention/Treatment of Acute Renal Failure. The rescue success rate for complex acute renal failure with an APACHE II score greater than 29 reaches 25%; the department has dispatched medical teams seven times to participate in major rescues organized by the central, provincial, and municipal governments, praised by the Central Healthcare Bureau as "courageous and insightful." IV. Successfully Developed a New Drug for Treating Chronic Renal Failure—Niaoduqing (Uremic Clear). It won the third prize of the National New Drug Development Award and obtained a National New Drug Certificate. It has been widely used nationwide for the treatment of patients with early-stage chronic renal failure. The above research achievements have successively won 14 awards, including the second prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award and first/second prizes of provincial/ministerial science and technology progress awards, and have obtained 2 national invention patents.