The Department of Tuberculosis at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, affiliated with Tongji University, was established in 1933. It is the earliest institution in China dedicated to tuberculosis prevention, treatment, and research, and houses the first provincial-level key laboratory for tuberculosis in the country. It is a founding unit of national tuberculosis professional organizations, including the Tuberculosis Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, the Chinese Anti-Tuberculosis Association, and the Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Branch of the China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, as well as the Tuberculosis Specialty Branch of the Shanghai Medical Association. Commissioned by the Ministry of Health, it once organized the first national tuberculosis epidemiological survey; as a tuberculosis control sub-center, it was responsible for technical guidance and training for tuberculosis prevention and control in 16 southern provinces. In 2017, it was selected as a key clinical discipline of Shanghai's top priorities, and in 2019, it received support from the Shanghai Clinical Key Specialty Construction Project. In 2020, it established the Shanghai Clinical Medical Research Center for Infectious Diseases (Tuberculosis) and serves as a national demonstration base for drug-resistant tuberculosis prevention and treatment, a national continuing education base, a national standardized training base for non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease, and the designated hospital for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Shanghai. Currently, the department has 5 wards with 240 beds, admitting over 18,000 inpatients annually and treating approximately 150,000 outpatients. It is at the leading domestic level in the differential diagnosis and treatment of complex pulmonary diseases, bronchial interventional therapy, management of NTM lung disease and drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, severe tuberculosis, and clinical research and application of new anti-tuberculosis drugs. In terms of new rapid molecular diagnostic technologies for tuberculosis and the promotion and application of new treatment regimens and strategies, it is internationally synchronized and domestically leading. Additionally, as the lead unit of the Shanghai Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Expert Group, it guides the differential diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis citywide. As the designated unit for tuberculosis care of Shanghai's cadre health protection system, it undertakes the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis for this population. The department has a total of 49 physicians and 5 full-time researchers, including 8 senior professionals (professor-level), 16 associate senior professionals, and 5 doctoral supervisors. It boasts renowned domestic experts and academic leaders, including recipients of the State Council Special Allowance, members of the National Ministry of Health Tuberculosis Expert Advisory Committee, core members of the WHO Global Tuberculosis Guidelines Development Group and the Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Initiative Working Group, Honorary Chairperson and Standing Committee Member of the Tuberculosis Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Chair of the Clinical Group of the Tuberculosis Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Chair of the Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria Committee of the Tuberculosis Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Founding Chairperson and Standing Committee Member of the Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Branch of the China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, Executive Council Member of the Chinese Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Chair of the Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria Branch of the Chinese Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, Editor-in-Chief and Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis, Chairperson of the Tuberculosis Branch of the Shanghai Medical Association, and Vice President of the Shanghai Anti-Tuberculosis Association. It gathers high-level talents such as recipients of the State Council Special Allowance, Changjiang Scholars, National Excellent Young Scientists, Shanghai Leading Talents, Shanghai Medical Leading Talents, and Outstanding Academic Leaders in Public Health. The department has successively undertaken over 30 national and provincial-level projects, including the National Science and Technology Major Projects for the 11th, 12th, and 13th Five-Year Plans, the National Science and Technology Major Project for Prevention and Control of Emerging and Major Infectious Diseases, the National Key Research and Development Program, key and general projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Global Fund projects, key projects of the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission, and key projects of the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, involving research funding of over 80 million RMB. It has participated in multiple global multicenter clinical trials of new anti-tuberculosis drugs. It holds several invention patents and has recently received 5 awards, including the Chinese Medical Science and Technology Award, the Huaxia Medical Science and Technology Award, the Shanghai Medical Science and Technology Award, and the Shanghai Technical Invention Award. In the past five years, it has published over 100 SCI papers. Commissioned by the Chinese Anti-Tuberculosis Association and the Tuberculosis Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, the department has taken the lead in drafting more than ten national or provincial-level technical specifications, guidelines, and expert consensus documents, including the "Opinions on Chemotherapy for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (Trial)", "Guidelines for Chemotherapy of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis", "Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Disease", "Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Disease", "Expert Recommendations on Diagnosis and Management of Drug-Induced Liver Injury Due to Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs", "Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Retreatment Tuberculosis", "Expert Consensus on Risk Management of Tuberculosis Infection in Adult Hemodialysis Patients", "Shanghai School Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Guidelines 2022 Edition", "Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis 2025 Edition", "Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease Combined with Bronchiectasis", "Expert Consensus on Molecular Diagnosis of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Disease", and "Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Preventive Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Close Contacts of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients". These documents have been distributed to tuberculosis prevention and control institutions nationwide by the Tuberculosis Branch of the Chinese Medical Association or the Chinese Anti-Tuberculosis Association.